A 58-year-old man was diagnosed with acute heart failure. He presents with a decreased 24-hour urine output. What pathogenetic mechanism is the cause of oliguria in this case?

Answer options

1. Decreased number of the functioning glomeruli
2. Decreased glomerular filtration
3. Decreased oncotic blood pressure
4. Increased hydrostatic pressure applied to the capillary wall
5. Decreased permeability of the glomerular membrane