Urine analysis has shown high levels of protein and erythrocytes in urine. This can be caused by the following:

Answer options

1. Hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
2. Effective filter pressure
3. Renal filter permeability
4. Hydrostatic primary urine pressure in capsule
5. Oncotic pressure of blood plasma

Explanation

Normally, protein and RBC in large quantities should not be seen in the urine. Proteins are large molecules that cannot normally pass through the glomerular filtration system. Their presence in urine indicates an increase in permeability.