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KROK 1 Medicine 2018 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2018 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
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An obstetrician-gynecologist measures pelvis size of a pregnant woman. A caliper was used to measure the distance between the two iliac crests. What measurement of large pelvis was made?
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A patient has an open facial wound with undermined edges; tissue necrosis with gradually developing partial gangrene that nearly reaches the bone tissue is observed. On close examination the wound contains live larvae. The patient is diagnosed with tissue myiasis. What Diptera larvae are the causative agents of this disease?
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A patient presents with dilated blood vessels of the anterior medial surface of the lower leg. This condition resulted from the dilation of the following blood vessel:
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A 45-year-old man diagnosed with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites underwent drainage of 5 liters of fluid from his abdominal cavity, which resulted in development of syncopal state due to insufficient blood supply to the brain. What circulatory disorder occurred in the abdominal cavity in this case?
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To stimulate the labor activity a parturient woman was prescribed a drug – a posterior pituitary hormone that does not affect the blood pressure. As the pregnancy progresses, the sensitivity to this hormone increases. Name the prescribed drug:
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A hereditary disease – homocystinuria – is caused by disturbed transformati-on of homocysteine into methionine. Accumulated homocysteine forms its dimer (homocystine) that can be found in urine. What vitamin preparation can decrease homocysteine production?
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A patient with parkinsonism was prescribed levodopa, which led to rapid improvement of the patient’s condition. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?
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A patient demonstrates sharp decrease of pulmonary surfactant activity. This condition can result in:
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A young woman presents with a tumor along the auditory nerve. The tumor is node-shaped, 3 cm in diameter, soft and elastic, pink-white colored, and has homogeneous structure. Microscopically the tumor contains bundles of cells with oval nuclei. These cellular fibrous bundles form regular structures made up of parallel rows of regularly oriented cells arranged in the form of a palisade with acellular homogeneous area in between (Verocay bodies). Name this type of tumor:
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Autopsy of the body of a 50-year-old man, who had been suffering from tuberculosis and died of cardiopulmonary decompensation, shows lobar affection of the lungs: the upper lobe of the right lung is enlarged, dense, yellow on section, crumbling, with pleural fibrin deposition. What type of secondary tuberculosis can be characterized by this pathology?
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Autopsy of the body of an elderly man revealed yellow spots and streaks in the aortic intima and white-yellow protruding plaques in the area of aortic bifurcation. Microscopy (with hematoxylin and eosin staining) shows round cavities in the thickened aortic intima. The cavities color orange when stained with sudan 3 and are surrounded with overgrown connective tissue. What process developed in the aortic intima?
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Genetic recombination is achieved via several mechanisms. One such mechanism is crossingover. It occurs at the following stage of prophase in the first meiotic division:
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A child diagnosed with purulent inflammation of the middle ear was brought to the otolaryngology department. The disease started with the inflammation of the nasopharynx. It was determined that the infection had reached the tympanic cavity through the eustachian tube that is located in the:
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After a trauma the man has lost skin sensitivity on the lateral surface of his forearm. What nerve of the brachial plexus provides sensitivity of the affected area?
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After a psychic trauma a woman developed periodical increases in her blood pressure accompanied by headache, palpitations, and general weakness. What mechanism of hypertension development does this woman have?
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A woman has come to the hospital with complaints of general weakness, dizziness, and dyspnea. Recently she has been taking levomycetin (chloramphenicol) for prevention of enteric infection. Blood test: erythrocytes – 1.9 × 1012/L, hemoglobin – 58 g/L, color index – 0.9, leukocytes – 2.2 G/L, reticulocytes – 0.3%. What type of anemia is it indicative of?
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During removal of the hyperplastic thyroid gland of a 47-year-old woman, the parathyroid gland was damaged. One month after the surgery the patient developed signs of hypoparathyroidism: frequent convulsions, hyperreflexia, laryngospasm. What is the most likely cause of the patient’s condition?
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A patient was prescribed atropine sulfate to treat intestinal colic. What concomitant disease can be a contraindication for this drug?
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A patient presents with acute attack of cholelithiasis. Laboratory examination of the patient’s feces will show the following in this case:
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A 45-year-old woman presents with breast cancer. Metastases can spread in this case to the following regional lymph nodes:
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In human organism significant blood loss leads to decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, and weakness. Eventually the sensation of thirst appears. What hormone participates in the development of this sensation?
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During the skill-building session in microbiology the students need to stain the prepared and fixed sputum smears obtained form a tuberculosis patient. What staining technique should be used in this case?
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Microscopy of the myocardium of a girl, who died of diphtheria due to heart failure, shows fatty degeneration, multiple foci of cardiomyocytes necrosis, and small foci of cellular infiltrates in the interstitium. What type of myocarditis is it?
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A patient has undergone surgical removal of the pylorus. Decreased secretion of the following hormone can be expected:
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A hospital has received a 24-year-old man, who had received a penetrating wound to the eye, which has caused the vitreous body to run out. As the result of this, retinal detachment occurred. What retinal layer was tightly adherent to the vascular tunic of the eye and did not detach?
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A laboratory experiment on a dog was used to study central parts of auditory system. One of the mesencephalon structures was destroyed. The dog has lost the orienting response to auditory signals. What structure was destroyed?
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After a nephrectomy the patient developed enteroparesis. What cholinergic agent with anticholinesterase action should be prescribed in this case?
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During autopsy of a 34-year-old man, who died of chronic kidney failure due to renal amyloidosis, in the lungs (mainly in the lower lobes) the pathologist detected multiple bronchial dilations filled with purulent masses accumulated in the bronchial lumen. Surface of the lungs section has fine-meshed pattern and resembles a honeycomb. Histologically there is a chronic inflammation detected in the bronchial wall, muscle fibers are replaced with connective tissue. These changes in the lungs can be defined as:
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The carotid bodies on both sides were removed in a test animal. Which of the listed factors WILL NOT be able to cause hyperventilation in the test animal?
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A 16-year-old girl presents with no hair on the pubis and in the armpits, her mammary glands are underdeveloped, no menstruations. What hormone imbalance can it be indicative of?
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A boxer had sustained a blow to the left parotid area, after which he developed paralysis of the facial muscles on this side. What nerve had been damaged?
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Kidney X-ray image obtained by means of pyelography shows that the minor calyces converge to form 2 major calyces that adjoin to the renal pelvis, from which the ureter exits. What type of urinary tract is it?
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A person with the fourth blood group (genotype IAIB) has in erythrocytes both antigen A controlled by allele IA and antigen B controlled by allele IB. This phenomenon is an example of the following gene interaction:
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A person has increased pulmonary ventilation due to physical exertion. What indicator of external respiration will be significantly increased compared to the resting stage?
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After a case of sepsis a 27-year-old woman developed "bronzed" skin discoloration characteristic of Addison’s disease. Hyperpigmentation mechanism in this case is based on increased secretion of:
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Autopsy of a 50-year-old woman, who had been suffering from systemic connective tissue disease, reveals small dense kidneys with lumpy surface. Microscopy of the renal glomeruli detects there foci of fibrinoid necrosis, hyaline thrombi, hematoxylin bodies, and so-called "wire loop thickening" of the basement membranes. What disease can be characterized by such changes in the kidneys?
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A microslide of the lung tissue sample taken from a patient with pneumonia shows damage to the cells that carry out respiratory function. What cells of the alveolar wall are damaged?
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Parenchyma of an organ is composed of pseudounipolar neurons localized under the capsule of connective tissue. Central place belongs to nerve fibers. Name this organ:
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General structure of eukaryotic genes is as follows: exon-intron-exon. Such functional structure of a gene leads to certain specifics of the transcription process. What sequence will correspond with precursor mRNA (immature)?
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Protective function of saliva is based on several mechanisms, including the presence of enzyme that has bactericidal action and causes lysis of complex capsular polysaccharides of staphylococci and streptococci. Name this enzyme:
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