A 63-year-old man suffers from esophageal carcinoma, presents with metastases into the mediastinal lymph nodes and cancerous cachexia. What pathogenetic stage of neoplastic process is observed in the patient?

Answer options

1. Initiation
2. Progression
3. Promotion
4. -
5. Transformation

Explanation

Cancer phase- Initiation, Promotion, and Progression. Tumor progression is the third and last phase in tumor development. This phase is characterized by increased growth speed and invasiveness of the tumor cells. As a result of the progression, phenotypical changes occur and the tumor becomes more aggressive and acquires greater malignant potential as esophageal cancer begins to progress by metastases into the mediastinal lymph nodes, symptoms become more apparent, and cancer becomes more difficult to treat.