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KROK 1 Dentistry 2016 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2016 KROK 1 Dentistry exam questions with answers and explanations.
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Microelectrode technique allowed to register a potential following "all-or-none" law and capable of undecremental spreading. Specify this potential:
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A woman suffering from essential hypertension had suddenly lost consciousness; she was delivered to a resuscitation unit in a comatose state with the diagnosis of disturbed cerebral circulation. The patient died one day after her hospitalization. Autopsy revealed a cavity in the left hemisphere of the brain. The cavity is 5x4 cm in size and filled with blood clots and liquid blood. What hemorrhage is it according to the mechanism of its origin?
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A 46-year-old patient consulted an oculist about drooping of the upper eyelid. On examination he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. The pathological process must have affected the nuclei of the following pair of cranial nerves:
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A patient suffering from parkinsonism has been prescribed levodopa, which resulted in rapid improvement of the patient’s condition. What mechanism of action is characteristic of this drug?
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Corticosteroid analogues induce breakdown of muscle proteins into free amino acids. Under such conditions these amino acids become involved with the following processes:
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Microscopy of an extracted tooth has revealed the following: odontoblasts and pulpocytes are decreased in size and number; thickened connective fibers of the pulp are stretched between the cells that remain. What general pathological process is likely to be occurring in the tooth pulp?
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For pain relief a patient has taken simultaneously a tablet of paracetamol and a tablet of diclofenac sodium. What type of drug interaction did the patient use for self-treatment?
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Microscopic examination of a skin tumor revealed that it invaded the underlying tissue, destroyed it and formed nests and cords of atypical epithelium, which include pearl-like formations. Specify the tumor:
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A patient had been provisionally diagnosed with syphilis. A laboratory assistant took the blood serum for an immunologic test based on the detection of antibodies preventing the movement of treponemes and causing their death. What reaction was used to make the diagnosis?
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Routine investigation of microbiological sanitary condition of air in a hospital is performed once in 3 months. What microorganism is the sanitary indicator of air condition in an enclosed space?
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A woman who had been consuming alcohol excessively during her pregnancy had a child with cleft palate and upper lip. These presentations are indicative of some chromosomal anomalies. What process do they result from?
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A student who unexpectedly met his girlfriend developed an increase in systemic arterial pressure. This pressure change was caused by the intensified realization of the following reflexes:
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Periodontitis induces development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection?
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A woman is diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome (karyotype 45, X0). How many autosomal pairs would her somatic cells contain?
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A patient is diagnosed with acute morphine hydrochloride poisoning. Choose the oxidant to be prescribed for gastric lavage:
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A 30-year-old man addressed a doctor with complaints of enlarged submandibular lymph nodes. Anamnesis states that the patient previously had been treated for acute apical periodontitis of the 36th and 46th teeth. Histologically the following could be detected in the removed lymph node: hyperemia, edema, increased amount of plasmocytes and plasmablasts in the medullary area and germinal centers of follicles. What can cause such changes in lymph nodes?
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A puncture sample taken from the lymph node of a patient with preliminary diagnosis of protozoan disease has been investigated. The preparation was processed with Giemsa stain and the following was detected: crescent-shaped bodies with pointed tips, blue cytoplasm and red nuclei. What protozoa have been detected in the preparation?
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The patient’s examination in a hospital specialised in diseases of nervous system has revealed absence of light-induced miosis. It is caused by the damage of the following brain structures:
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After the transfusion of the concentrated red blood cells the patient developed posttransfusion shock. What is the leading mechanism of the acute renal failure in this case?
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During auscultation a 26-year-old patient was asked to breathe deep. After 10 breaths the patient lost consciousness, which is associated with the development of the following condition:
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A 17-year-old girl has attempted to commit suicide by overdosing on phenobarbital. Upon arrival at the site an emergency doctor urgently performed gastric lavage on the patient and introduced bemegride and solution of sodium hydrocarbonate intravenously. The doctor introduced sodium hydrocarbonate to:
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A patient has sustained a traumatic injury of the greater pectoral muscle. This resulted in the decrease of:
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Histological preparation of skin demonstrates dense unformed connective tissue. What layer of this organ is formed by such tissue?
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A microspecimen of heart shows rectangular cells from 50 to 120 micrometers large with central position of nucleus and developed myofibrils. The cells are connected by intercalated discs. These cells are responsible for the following function:
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Vestibular surface of the left lower incisor has a pink fungoid formation up to 2 cm large which is fixed to the supra-alveolar tissue by a wide pedicle. Histological examination revealed branched capillary vessels with multiple hemorrhages and foci of hemosiderosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A patient with limb fracture should be prescribed a depolarizing muscle relaxant for brief surgical invasion. Name this drug:
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A patient has a skull fracture located in front of the foramen magnum. What bone is damaged?
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An autopsy is performed on the body of a 58-year-old woman, who suffered from diabetes mellitus. On histological examination of kidneys the following was revealed: segmental homogenous oxyphilic deposits are detected in the glomerules; arteriole walls are diffusely thickened, homogenous, oxyphilic. Diagnose the morphologic changes that occurred in the renal glomerules and vessels:
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A 65-year-old patient had been treated for 3 days in a resuscitation unit for a cardiac pathology. Suddenly he developed ventricular fibrillation that became the immediate cause of death of this patient. Microscopy of the left ventricular myocard revealed a large focus of cardiomyocyte karyolysis demarcated by the zone of hyperaemia. What cardiac pathology was the cause of death?
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Autopsy of a young man revealed lung cavities with inner walls made up of granulation tissue of varying degree of maturity, pronounced pneumosclerosis and bronchiectasis. Some cavities had caseation areas. What is your presumptive diagnosis?
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A histological specimen of mandible of an embryo shows a tooth germ with the dental papilla made up of small stellate basophilic cells. What tissue forms this part of the tooth germ?
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For several days a 55-year-old woman has been suffering from pain attacks in the right upper quadrant after eating fatty foods. Visually, there is yellowness of sclera and skin. The patient has acholic stool, beer-colored urine. What substance present in the patient’s urine causes its dark color?
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A doctor has determined disruption of pain and temperature sensitivity of the mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of the patient’s tongue. Gustatory sensitivity is retained. The patient suffers from the functional disorder of the following cranial nerve:
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A patient consulted a doctor about difficult chewing. On examination he was found to have atrophy of the right temporal muscle and masticatory muscles. Upon opening the mouth, the patient’s jaw deviates to the left. What nerve is affected?
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Ketoacidosis that develops due to accumulation of ketone bodies in blood serum is a primary complication of diabetes mellitus. What acid-base disbalance develops during this condition?
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A 30-year-old man died from electrocution. What was the cause of death?
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When examining a patient presumptively diagnosed with food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he ate the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?
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During AB0 blood grouping by using zoliclons (diagnostic monoclonal antibodies), hemagglutination did not occur with any of the zoliclons. What is the blood group of the patient under examination?
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During microscopy of a renal biopsy material there are tubules revealed in the cortical substance. The tubules are approximately 60 micrometers in diameter; their wall consists of tall cuboidal epithelium with pronounced apical frame and basal folds. Name these structures:
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Cytochemical investigation has revealed high content of hydrolytic enzymes in cytoplasm. This phenomenon indicates high activity of the following organelles:
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