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KROK 1 Medicine 2020 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2020 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
Exam questions
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A patient with neurodermatitis was taking prednisolone for a long time. Examination revealed high blood glucose. This complication occurs, when glucocorticosteroids affect a certain stage of carbohydrate metabolism. What stage of carbohydrate metabolism is affected?
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A lab rat has subcutaneously received mercury(II) chloride in the amount of 5 mg/kg. 24 hours later the plasma creatinine concentration increased several times. What mechanism of retention azotemia is observed in this case?
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A patient has ascites, his spleen is double the normal size, he has esophageal and rectal varices. Histology of the biopsy material obtained from the liver revealed micronodular cirrhosis. What complicated the hepatic cirrhosis in this case?
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The patient underwent blood test that showed albumin of 20 g/L and increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 (LDHs). These results indicate a disorder of the following organ:
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A patient died with signs of heart failure. Autopsy shows the following: postinfarction cardiosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and dilated cardiac chambers. The liver is enlarged, has smooth surface, is plethoric on section, covered in dark red specks against the brown-tinted background of the tissue. Histologically, the central veins of the hepatic lobules are plethoric; there is erythrocyte diapedesis into the perivascular space. Central hepatocytes are dystrophic, while peripheral hepatocytes are enlarged and affected by fatty degeneration. What process occurred in the patient’s liver?
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A patient cannot raise his eyebrow, fully close his eye or bare his teeth on one side of his face. What nerve is likely to be damaged?
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An infant developed darkened sclerae, mucosa, and auricles. The urine becomes dark, when exposed to the air. Blood and urine contain homogentisic acid. What is the most likely disease in this case?
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The renal artery of a test rabbit was surgically narrowed. One month later a significant increase in systemic arterial pressure was registered in the animal. What regulatory mechanism caused the change in the animal’s blood pressure?
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Section shows significant enlargement of the patient’s right kidney. There is a nephrolith at the place of incision. Renal pelvic lumen is distended with accumulating urine. Renal parenchyma is substantially thinned out. What is the most correct diagnosis?
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A patient presents with acute attack of choledocholithiasis. Laboratory examination of the patient’s feces will likely to show the following in this case:
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A man for a long time was suffering from hemoblastosis. Autopsy of the body revealed brown color of the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Perls histochemical reaction was performed. It was determined that reticular, endothelial, and histiocytic elements of the affected organs contain blue granules. What pigment was detected using the Perls histochemical reaction?
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After eating raw eggs the patient developed dermatitis. What type of avitaminosis is it?
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A 2-year-old child was diagnosed with thymic hypoplasia. What indicator of the immune system status is the most characteristic of this type of immunodeficiency?
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A patient with choledocholithiasis has fatty colorless stool because of obturation of the biliary tract. What bile component is absent, causing steatorrhea?
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A patient suffers from episodes of arterial hypertension that are accompanied by tachycardia, profuse sweating, and sharp pain in the epigastric region. What neoplastic disease of the endocrine glands is the most likely in this case, based on these signs?
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A bacteriologist found in a sick child the causative agents of Flexner dysentery type 2, Sonne dysentery type 1, and enteropathogenic colibacillus - O55/B5. Name this type of infection:
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A 45-year-old man complains of frequent fevers, tachycardia, irritability, hair loss, weight loss, and hand tremor. In this case, blood test will show the high levels of the hormones produced in the:
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Clinical blood testing is recommended to be done in the morning and on an empty stomach. What change in the blood composition is likely if a blood sample was obtained after a meal?
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A 60-year-old man complains of pain in his lower abdomen and frequent stools. Stool analysis shows increased levels of neutral fats in the patient’s feces. Incomplete digestion of fats is caused by the deficiency of a certain ezyme. Name this enzyme:
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Proliferation of the connective tissue in the hepatic parenchyma (fibrosis) caused by chronic diseases is often associated with disturbed blood circulation in the classical lobules. What blood flow direction can be observed in these lobules?
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After a surgery, the patient for a long time was receiving Promedol (Trimeperidine) intravenously. When he stopped receiving this drug, he developed Severe psychosomatic disturbances. Name this phenomenon:
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A 48-year-old man has arterial hypertension of endocrine genesis, headache, muscle weakness, and convulsions. His blood levels of K+ (potassium) are low, while his blood levels of Na+ (sodium) are high, which is the result of hormone hypersecretion. What hormone is being overproduced in this case?
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Shigella capable of producing exotoxin was obtained from a patient diagnosed with dysentery. What Shigella species is it?
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A patient has severe peripheral edema. Consecutive administration of dichlothiazide (hydrochlorothiazide), etacrynic acid, and furosemide did not have any significant diuretic effect. In the blood there is a significant increase of aldosterone levels. What is the drug of choice in this case’?
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Autopsy of the body revealed a large wedge-shaped patch of a dense dark red tissue with clear margins in the upper lobe of the right lung. Histological examination detected there necrosis of the alveolar walls; the alveolar lumen is tightly packed with erythrocytes. What process occurred in the lungs?
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Bacterioscopy of purulent cervical discharge detected gram-negative bean-shaped diplococci, both inside and outside of the leukocytes. What is the causative agent of the purulent inflammation of the uterine cervix in this case?
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Regional lymph nodes surrounding an infected wound are enlarged. Histological examination shows increased number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and lymphatic follicles in the cortical layer of the lymph nodes, as well as a large amount of plasma cells. What process in the lymph nodes is indicated by these histological changes?
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A 47-year-old man complains of weakness and dizziness. Half a year ago he undervent a gastric resection. Blood test: Hb - 80 g/L, erythrocytes - 3.5-10/L, color index - 0.69, ESR - 15 mm/hour, serum iron - 5.4 mcmol/L, erythrocyte hypochromia. What type of anemia is the most likely in this patient?
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A patient with characteristiclly hypoplastic thymus suffers from DiGeorge syndrome. What type of immunological pathology is it?
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A 45-year-old woman has breast cancer. Metastases can spread in this case to the following regional lymph nodes:
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For diagnostic purposes a parenchyma sample of the patient’s blood-forming organ was obtained. The sample contained megakaryocytes. What organ is it?
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For the third spring in a row, when poplars start to bloom, a 20-year-old student develops itching and hyperemia in her eyes and nose, rhinorrhea, cough, and urticaria on the exposed areas of her skin. Examination detected a sharp increase in IgE levels. The allergologist prescribed her a special hyposensitization therapy. How is this kind of treatment administered?
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A patient used an indirect-acting adrenergic agonist to treat rhinitis. After the patient has been administering in the nose drops for several days, the vasoconstrictive effect of the drug gradually diminished. Name this phenomenon:
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A medical student was hospitalized into the infectious diseases unit on the 2nd day after the disease onset. The patient is suspected to have infectious mononucleosis. What results of laboratory analysis can confirm this diagnosis immediately on the day of the hospitalization?
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After a domestic trauma a 34-year-old man has limited flexion of the middle phalanges of his fingers 2-5, which resilts in the overall limited mobility of the fingers. What muscles are likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
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After an out-of-hospital abortion, a woman developed progressing purulent endomyometritis, of which she died. Autopsy of the body revealed numerous pulmonary abscesses, small subcapsular pustules in the kidneys, — splenic hyperplasia. What type of sepsis developed in the woman?
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Because of health concerns, one of the patient’s adrenal glands had to be removed. How will the structure of the remaining adrenal gland change?
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When there is a foreign body in the airways, what bronchus should the doctor examine first, while searching for the foreign body to extract it?
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Histological specimen shows parenchyma of an organ that consists of lymphoid tissue that forms lymph nodules; the nodules are located diffusely and have a central artery. What anatomical structure has such morphological characteristics?
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A 25-year-old woman complains of deteriorating vision. Examination revealed a defect in accommodation, the pupil is dilated and unresponsive to light. What muscles are functionally disturbed in this case?
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