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KROK 1 Medicine 2020 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2020 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
Exam questions
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Histology of the liver of a diseased, who was an injection drug user, revealed the following: hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, ground glass hepatocytes, acidophilic Councilman bodies, lymphocytic-macrophageal infiltrations in the portal tracts. What is the most likely etiology of this disease?
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An inguinal hernia was found in a patient. During herniotomy, a reinforcement of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal is necessary. What anatomical structures of the anterior abdominal wall are used for the reinforcement in this case’?
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A test animal receives electrical impulses that irritate the sympathetic nerve that innervates blood vessels of the Skin. What reaction will it cause in the blood vessels?
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During inflammatory process, the vessels of the microvasculature develop increased permeability and hydrodynamic pressure. Protein structures in the interstitial fluid exhibit increased osmotic concentration and dispersion. What mechanism of edema formation will be observed during inflammatory process?
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An electronic microphotograph shows a fragment of the renal corpuscle. In the photograph there is a large epithelial cell with numerous appendages. The appendages are attached to the basement membrane of the capillaries. What type of cell is it?
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T lymphocytes were affected by HIV. In the process, viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA- polymerase) catalyzes the synthesis of:
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A 6-year-old child had acute onset of the disease that started as catarrhal nasopharyngitis. 2 days later the patient died. Autopsy of the body shows markedly plethoric and swollen pia mater that is soaked with thick turbid yellow-green fluid. The brain is swollen, the cerebellar tonsils are enlarged, and there is a clearly visible ligature mark on the brain. The described changes are characteristic of:
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A person developed increased pulmonary ventilation due to physical exertion. What indicator of pulmonary function will be significantly increased compared to the resting state?
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A patient who for a long time was suffering from rheumatism and had mitral stenosis died of cardiopulmonary failure. Autopsy revealed brown induration of the lungs. What circulatory disorder leads to such changes in the lungs?
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A patient needs to be prescribed a wide-spectrum fluoroquinolone agent. Select one such agent from the list:
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Histology of the liver detected there a vesicle with chitin and protein membrane, filled with a colorless transparent fluid. What disease can manifest this way?
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Autopsy of the body revealed large (1- 2 cm) brown-red deposits on the external surface of the aortic valve. The deposits cover ulcers and crumble easily. What disease can be suspected in this case?
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One of the cell organelles is the place, where protein molecules are being built and packaged with carbohydrates and fats, before they are transported from the cell via exocytosis. What organelle is it?
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Autopsy of the body of an 18-year-old young man shows that the spleen weight is 580 grams, it is dark-red on section, spleen pulp easily scrapes off. Histologically, there is marked proliferation of reticular cells and a large number of mature neutrophils in the sinusoidal capillaries. In this case the spleen can be described as:
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A biopsy material obtained from a mammary tumor has solid layers that consist of small epithelial cells with polymorphic nuclei and numerous pathological mitoses. The stroma is scant and has lymphocyte infiltration. Make the diagnosis:
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A patient has frequent visceral and mucosal hemorrhages. Analysis shows that the collagen fibers in the patient’s body lack hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. The hydroxylation processes of these amino acids are disrupted because of a vitamin deficiency. What vitamin is deficient in this case’?
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The mother of a 2-year-old child came to the dentist. During her pregnancy she was randomly taking antibiotics to treat an infectious disease. Examination of the child revealed destruction of the incisors, yellow enamel, and a brown border near the dental cervices. What medicine has a marked teratogenic effect?
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24 hours after an appendectomy the patient’s blood test shows neutrophilic leukocytosis with a regenerative shift. What is the most likely mechanism of absolute leukocytosis development in the patient’s peripheral blood?
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A 50-year-old man was hospitalized with suspected gallbladder inflammation. He was prescribed fibrogastroscopy of the gastrointestinal tract with mandatory examination of the major duodenal papilla. Where in the duodenum can doctor find this papilla?
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Vitamin B1, deficiency impairs oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid, which leads to disturbed synthesis of a certain coenzyme. Name this coenzyme:
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Secretion of orotic acid many times exceeds the norm in patients with hereditary orotic aciduria. This pathology is associated with disturbed synthesis of:
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A histological specimen demonstrates a vessel with the wall that consists of endothelium, basement membrane, and loose connective tissue. What type of vessel is it?
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A 50-year-old man undergoes pancreatectomy for pancreatic tail due to pancreatitis. How is the affected organ located in relation to the peritoneum?
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Decreased vasopressin synthesis causes polyuria and, as a result, marked dehydration. What is the mechanism of polyuria development?
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A patient hospitalized into the pulmonology department was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema accompanied by the loss of elasticity in the pulmonary tissue. What type of respiration can be observed in this case?
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ECG shows absent P waves replaced by f waves, QRST complexes have irregular intervals between them (RR interval varies), R waves have different voltage. What type of arrhythmia is it?
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A 65-year-old man periodically feels pain under his left shoulder blade and in his left shoulder. After a significant physical exertion, the pain sharply intensified. Based on the ECG findings, the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction was made. What type of pain was observed in this case?
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A pathological process involves conduction pathways of the spinal cord, resulting in disturbed pain sensation in the skin and muscles. What pathways are affected?
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Fasting energy expenditure is being measured in a person, who is lying down in a state of physical and mental rest, while the room temperature is within the comfort zone. When will the energy expenditure be at its highest?
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A patient developed left ventricular heart failure. What compensatory responses in the patient’s body will be aimed at the prevention of pulmonary edema?
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A patient with myocardial infarction has acute heart failure. Among the drugs that increase the force of heart contractions the least dangerous in this case will be:
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An experiment demonstrates that Jensen sarcoma leads to a significant increase in glucose uptake from the tumor afferent artery, while tumor efferent vein has high levels of lactic acid. This phenomenon indicates:
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Electrons release their energy, when they are being transported in the course of tissue respiration. This energy is used for the following process:
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A test animal kept on a low-protein diet developed fatty infiltration of the liver due to low levels of methylating agents. What amino acid is a methylating agent?
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What compensatory response occurs in the human body, when external temperature significantly rises?
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A 5-year-old child is diagnosed with Bruton’s disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia) that manifests itself in severe clinical course of bacterial infections and absence of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. What changes of immunoglobulin content can be observed in blood serum of the child with immunodeficiency?
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After a cerebral hemorrhage the patient has lost the ability to understand speech. Where in the cortex is the site of trauma in this case?
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A sick child has no anti-hemophilic factor (factor VIII) in the blood plasma. What pathology of hemostasis is it?
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A 77-year-old boy has a bright-pink punctate rash against the background of hyperemia on his forehead, neck, lower abdomen, and in the popliteal spaces. His nasolabial triangle is pale. In the oropharynx there is a bright-red hyperemic area with clear margins, the tonsils are swollen and friable, lacunas contain pus, the tongue is raspberry pink. The cervical lymph nodes are enlarged and painful. Make the diagnosis:
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A laboratory rat with chronic kidney failure has osteoporosis, pathologic calcification of the internal organs, and arterial hypertension. These disturbances are associated with the increased activity of the following hormone:
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