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KROK 1 Medicine 2021 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2021 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
Exam questions
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A 3-year-old child after a past case of severe viral infection presents with recurrent vomiting, loss of consciousness, and seizures. Blood testing reveals hyperammonemia. What is the likely cause of such changes in the biochemical parameters of the child's blood?
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Examination of a patient, who for a long time was taking glucocorticoids, detected lymphopenia. How can the functional State of the patient's immune-system be characterized?
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A 48-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus has been hospitalized in a severe precomatose state. Analysis of her acid-base balance revealed metabolic acidosis. What primary mechanism is the cause of the changes detected in the woman's acid-base balance?
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During a surgery, the surgeon's manipulations in the area between the stomach and liver were extremely careful, to avoid damaging the hepatoduodenal ligament, because it contains:
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After an open scapular fracture, a man suddenly died. Early autopsy detects frothy blood in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries. What was the cause of death in this case?
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Autopsy of the body revealed waxy degeneration of the rectus abdominis muscles. In the terminal segment of the small intestine there are ulcers 3-5 cm in diameter. The ulcer walls are covered in a crumbling gray-yellow substance. The ulcer edges are moderately raised above the mucosa. Widal test is positive. Make the diagnosis:
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When a dentist applied hydrogen peroxide to the patient's oral mucosa, it started frothing excessively. What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
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To determine the type of leukemia, the patient needs to undergo a bone marrow aspiration. What bone is usually punctured for this analysis?
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In the hematology unit a patient with leukemia was prescribed 5-fluorouracil. This drug;
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A 60-year-old man, who has a long history of angina pectoris, was along with coronarolytics prescribed acetylsalicylic acid to decrease the platelet aggregation, What is the mechanism of antiaggregant action of acetylsalicylic acid?
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The synthesis rates of DNA. RNA, and necessary proteins are decreased in the cells of a human body and mitotic activity is insignificant. These changes most likely correspond with the following ontogenetic period:
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A 45-year-old man complains of dizziness, unsteady gait, and disturbed coordination of movements. Examination shows that he has osteochondrosis of the cervical spine and the vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is compressed. What vessel is it?
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Oxygen supply of skeletal muscles during their intensive work is often problematic because of compressed vessels and disrupted blood flow. What supplies muscles with oxygen in this case?
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Autopsy of the body of a woman revealed the following morphologic changes: stenosis of the atrioventricular opening, mitral insufficiency. Histologically there focal cardiosclerosis and «blooming» Aschoff nodules in the myocardium. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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An isolated cell of a human heart automatically generates excitation impulses at the rate of 60/min. This cell was obtained from the:
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A man has received a hit to the area of the inferior angle of the scapula on the right, which resulted in rib fracture. What ribs were damaged in this case?
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In experiment on an isolated squid giant axon submerged in a salt solution, the extracellular potassius concentration was increased to the level of the intracellular potassium ions concentration. What change in the membrane potential will occur in this case?
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Excitation processes in cardiomyocytes have been studied in an experiment. It was determined that during the phase of their rapid depolarization Na+ ions can additionally move through the
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The patient arterial hypertension is caused by renal artery stenosis. The main pathogenetic link of this type of hypertension is the activation of the following system:
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A patient was brought by an ambulance to the inpatient department. He was provisionally diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. To confirm this diagnosis, it is necessary to measure the activity of a certain enzyme in the patient's blood and urine. Name this enzyme:
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A mutation has occurred in a cell in the first exon of the structural gene. The number of nucleotide pairs changed from 290 to 250. Name this type of mutation:
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A 52-year-old woman came to the neurologist with complaints of loss of skin sensitivity on the right half of her face in the area of the lower eyelid, nasal arch, and upper lip. What branch of what nerve is damaged in this patient?
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What drug is used for treatment of malaria, amoebic dysentery, and autoimmune diseases?
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A patient with myocardial infarction in the acute phase has been hospitalized into the cardiology unit. To induce platelet lysis in the patient's coronary vessels, the following enzyme should be used during the early hours of infarction:
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What compensatory response occurs in the human body, when external temperature significantly rises?
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Increased resistance to blood ejection from the left ventricle has activated the homeometric compensation mechanism in the patient. In what pathological process can this compensation mechanism develop in the left ventricle?
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A patient with streptococcal infection of the gingiva was prescribed a drug with 5-lactam ring in its structure. What drug of those listed below belongs to this pharmacological group?
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A long-term taking of potassium preparations has caused hyperkalemia in the patient. This condition results in the following changes in secretion:
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Histone protein synthesis is inhibited what structure will be affected?
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A man with multiple myeloma presents with protein in his urine. What type of proteinuria does he have?
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During a surgery with application of inhalation narcosis and muscle relaxants, the anesthesiologist noticed rapid increase of the patient's body temperature to 43°C. What pathology developed in this patient?
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Ventricular myocardium of the examined person exhibits disturbed repolarization processes. It causes disturbances in amplitude, configuration, and duration of the following wave:
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A man has a node in his thigh that is located within the thigh muscles. On section, the node is whitish, fibrous, bout clear margins. Misroscopy shows that the tumor consists of immature polymorphic fibroblast-like cells with numerous mitoses and collagen fibers. What tumor is it?
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A patient suffers from disturbed renal function. To check the filtration ability of the kidneys, he was referred for clearance measurement of the following substance:
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Name the supramolecular multienzyme complex that is integrated into the lipid layer of inner mitochondrial membrane that creates conditions for redox reactions:
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A man had an acute onset of the disease. He complained of chills, fever of 40°C, headache, cough, and dyspnea. The man died on the 5 day after the onset. Autopsy shows enlarged lungs with variegated appearance - «large variegated lung" Such clinical presentation of the lungs is characteristic of the following disease:
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The ophthalmologist noticed a purulent discharge from the conjunctiva of a newbom. Microscopy of the smear obtained from the conjunctiva found there a large number of leukocytes, as well as gram-negative bean-shaped diplococci located inside the leukocytes. What is the causative agent of this disease?
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A 14-year-old boy was diagnosed with Hutchinson's triad: barrel-shaped teeth, parenchymatous keratitis, and deafness. These signs are characteristic of:
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A patient with clinical signs of a primary immunodeficiency has functionally disturbed mechanism of antigen-presentation to the immunocompetent cells. What cells are likely to have structural defects?
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In typhoid fever, the necrotized Peyer's patches in the small intestine color yellow-brown. What pigment permeates the necrotized tissue?
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