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KROK 1 Dentistry 2020 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2020 KROK 1 Dentistry exam questions with answers and explanations.
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An examination of the oral cavity of a 50-year-old man, who is a long-term smoker, detected on the lingual mucosa an irregularly-shaped whitish plaque. Histologically, there are thickening of the stratified squamous epithelium, parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and acanthosis. Specify the type of the pathological process:
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An acute blood loss has caused a decrease in the systemic blood pressure. This situation can be stabilized with the intensified secretion of a certain hormone. Name this hormone:
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A patient is diagnosed with pneumonia of mycoplasmal etiology. What antibiotics, based on their mechanism of action, SHOULD NOT be used in the course of the treatment?
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In the course of a surgery, the fibers of the 12th pair of cranial nerves were damaged. This damage manifested as:
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A patient is diagnosed with a displaced fracture of the coronoid process of the mandible. What muscle will displace the coronoid process?
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A patient with peptic ulcer disease of the stomach is prescribed a drug that blocks histamine H2 receptors. Select this drug from the list:
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A sample of the patient’s blood was taken for analysis in the presence of heparin. By its chemical structure, this anticoagulant belongs to:
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A patient suffers from meningitis. He is prescribed a subarachnoid space puncture. Where is this space located?
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Mother with a 12-year-old child came to the gastroenterologist. She complains of loss of appetite and meteorism in her child. Endoscopically the child was diagnosed with biliary dyskinesia, in the duodenal contents there were pear- shaped protozoa with two nuclei and multiple flagella. What disease is the most likely in this child?
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On an electronic microphotograph of epithelial tissue a certain structure can be identified. The structure is located under the epithelial cells and shaped like a three-dimensional reticulum. Name this structure:
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A child is diagnosed with a helminthic invasion. What changes in the leukogram should be expected in this case?
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After examination, the signs of acromegaly were detected in a patient. What endocrine gland is involved in this pathological process?
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A deciduous second molar was extracted in a 13-year-old child. What permanent tooth will replace the extracted one?
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A man came to a dentist with complaints of pain during chewing and moving the jaw forward. What masticatory muscles are inflamed in this case?
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Examination shows that tooth 47 touches a deep defect in the patient’s buccal mucosa. The margins of the defect are dense and clear, the floor of the defect is gray. Microscopy of the biopsy material obtained from the wall of the defect detected a purulent exudate on the floor of the defect. Under the exudate there is an area of necrotized tissue with underlying granulation tissue that transforms into mature fibrous tissue. What pathology has developed in the patient’s cheek?
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The dentist examines a pregnant woman. There are 2 round lesions up to 1 cm in diameter on her oral mucosa. The lesions appeared 3 days ago, they have white-gray surface and red margin. The dentist can make the following diagnosis:
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The patient’s saliva has been tested for antibacterial activity. What saliva component has antibacterial properties?
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After a glucose-lowering therapy, a patient with diabetes mellitus developed hypoglycemia. What hormone, taken in excess, could have caused this hypoglycemic condition?
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The investigation of the imprints Obtained from the epidermal ridges on the fingers (dactyloscopy) is used by criminologists to identify people, as well as for diagnostics of a number of genetic anomalies, e.g., Down syndrome. What skin layer determines the uniqueness of the imprints?
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A histological specimen shows three neurons: pseudounipolar, bipolar, and multipolar. How many axons will each of these cell have?
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A 25-year-old patient has marked muscle weakness. What electrolytes in the blood plasma should be measured first?
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A patient with a hemorrhage into the anterior hypothalamus developed polyuria. What hormone is in this case insufficient, leading to the decreased water reabsorption in the renal tubules?
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Autopsy of a man, who died suddenly with signs of acutely disturbed cerebral circulation, revealed aneurysm rupture of the medial cerebral artery and a round cavity 4 cm in diameter filled with blood in his frontal lobe. Name this type of hemorrhage:
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A woman is diagnosed with a hemorrage into the posterior horns of the spinal cord. What is their function?
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An examination of tooth 16 revealed a cavity on its masticatory surface. The cavity has a narrow opening and is filled with softened dentin. Microscopically, there are bacteria in the dilated dentinal canaliculi, some canaliculi are destroyed, the cavities merge together into caverns, decalcification of enamel and dentin occurs without formation of the replacement dentin. Make the diagnosis:
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A child with a foreign body in the lungs has been hospitalized. What bronchus is the most likely to contain this foreign body, if its diameter approximates to 1,5 cm?
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A patient is undergoing a surgery for a trauma of the temporomandibular joint. An incision revealed a structure that improves the congruence of joint surfaces. Name this structure:
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The patient’s ECG shows a shortened R-R interval. How will the cardiac activity change as the result?
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A 60-year-old man with diabetes mellitus was prescribed insulin. What type of pharmacological therapy is it?
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A patient has arrhythmia. What medicine needs to be prescribed in this case?
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What nitrate drug would you recommend to a patient with ischemic heart disease for prevention of angina pectoris attacks?
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When preparing a dental plaque smear and staining it according to the Gram method, a student during microscopy detected there various violet and pink microorganisms. What structural component of microorganisms causes different response to stains?
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A certain drug with potent natriuretic action is usually prescribed for dehydration therapy of cerebral and pulmonary edemas. Name this drug:
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How does pH of venous blood differ from pH of arterial blood and why?
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A 42-year-old woman, who has been keeping to a vegetarian diet for a long period of time, consulted a doctor. Examination revealed negative nitrogen balance in the patient. What factor is the most likely cause of such a condition?
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Premature newborns have impaired surfactant synthesis. What is the function of a surfactant in the lungs?
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A woman gave birth to a child with toxoplasmosis. The woman thinks that she contracted toxoplasma from her friend, who recently gave birth to a child with the same disease. A human CANNOT be infected with toxoplasma through the following route:
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Microscopy with an immersion system was used to study a smear microslide with a Streptobacillus culture stained according to the Aujeszky method. What structural feature of the bacteria was analyzed?
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A sick child has signs of achondroplasia (dwarfism). It is known that this disease is monogenic and the gene that causes the development of this anomaly is dominant. The natural brother of this child has normal development. Genotypically, the healthy child is:
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A structural gene - a segment of a DNA molecule - was damaged. However, it did not result in an amino acid replacement in the protein, because after a time the damage was corrected. It indicates such DNA ability as:
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