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KROK 1 Medicine 2021 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2021 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
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An older man with parkinsonism was prescribed a certain drug. Several days later the man developed complaints of dry mouth and rapid heart rate. The prescribed drug is a
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When examining a biopsy material obtained from the thyroid gland, the pathologist discovered lymphocyte infiltration of the thyroid tissues and destruction of the parenchymal elements. Diffuse lymphocyte infiltration with lymphoid follicles was detected in the stroma. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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What differs a sanguinic from a phlegmatic?
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Microslide an animal retina shows numerous phagosomes in the cells of its outer pigment layer. What function of pigment cells is the most evident in this case?
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What is used as an antidote for poisoning with salts of heavy metals?
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1.5 weeks after a severe case of streptococcal tonsillitis, a 24-year-old man developed face edema and elevated blood pressure. He presents with hematuria and proteinuria of 1.2 g/L. In the blood, antistreptococal antibodies and low levels of complement components are detected. In this case, nephropathy has been caused by immune complexes, accumulations of which can most likely be found in the microvascure of
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Hentatologic study shows the following pattern: erythrocytes 2.8 × 107/L, Hb- 80 g/l. color index - 0.85, recylocytes-0.1%, platelets - 160 thousand per microliter, leukocytes 60 × 109/L, basophil - 2%, cosinoplit 8%, promyelocytes - 5%, myelocytes - 5%, juvenile 16%, stab neutrophils 20%, segmented neutrophils 84%, lymphocytes 5%, monocytes - 5%. This clinical presentation indicates the following blood pathology:
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A patient was hospitalized comatose state. The patient has a 5-year-long history of diabetes mellitus type 2. Objectively, his respiration is noisy, deep, with acetone breath odor. Blood glucose is 15.2 mmol/L, ketone bodies 100 micromol/L. These signs are characteristic of the following diabetes complication:
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During mental stress, a hormone-sensitive enzyme triacylglycerol lipase activates in fatty tissues. What secondary messenger takes part in activation of this enzyme?
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Collagenosis patients typically present with connective tissue destruction processes. The presence of these processes can be confirmed by the increase in:
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An 8-year-old child had an acute onset of the disease. The death occurred two days after the onset. On the basal surface of the brain, autopsy shows acutely plethoric soft meninges that are soaked through with thick and turbid yellow-green exudate. Brain tissues are edematous. Make the diagnosis:
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To study inflammations, a test animal was injected with a lethal dose of tetanus toxin into the cavity of a turpentine-induced abscess. However, the test animal did not die. What is the most likely cause of such test result?
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A man, who for many years has been suffering from bronchial asthma, has died of asphyxia. Histology of his lungs shows large amounts of mucus with eosinophilic admixtures in the lumina of the bronchioles and small bronchi, the interalveolar septa are sclerotic, the alveolar lumina are dilated. What mechanism of hypersensitivity reaction development is observed in this case?
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A man has undergone corneal transplantation. What characteristics of corneal structure allow hoping for its retention rather than rejection?
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A duct must contain fats. What plasticity function do they fulfill in the body?
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A patient, who for a long time was suffering from rheumatism and had mitral stenosis, died of cardiopulmonary failure. Autopsy reve f the lungs. What circulatory disorder leads to such changes in the lungs?
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During examination of a man, who was in a car accident, the neurologist has detected dysmetria. This sign characterized by:
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During a fall, a small child has received a trauma of the anterior fontanelle. What type of cranial bone junction was pathologically affected in this case?
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A patienhas cardiac rhythm disturbance. ECG shows heart rate of 60/min., prolongation of PQ interval, and periodical loss of QRS complex. What cardiac rhythm disturbance is it?
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Autopsy of the body of a 42-year-old man, who had chronic diffuse bronchitis and died of cardiopulmonary failure, shows large hyperinflated lungs that cover the mediastinum with their edges. The lungs do not deflate, are pale gray, emit crackling sound when cut. Pressing a finger to the surface of the lungs leaves an indentation. Bronchial lumen produces mucopurulent exudate. Make the diagnosis:
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A 40-year-old man has died of a pulmonary hemorrhage. In the upper lobe of the right lung, autopsy shows a cavity 4 cm in diameter with dense walls and uneven inner surface. The cavity contains blood clots. Microscopy detects disintegrating leukocytes in the inner layer of the cavity wall and proliferations of epithelioid, lymphoid, and giant multinucleated cells with horseshoe shaped nuclei in the middle layer of the cavity wall. The observed changes in the lung are characteristic of a:
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In reperfusion syndrome, the processes of free radical oxidation activate, resulting in damage to cell membranes and disturbance of specific cell functions. These changes are associated with excessive i accumulation of the following ions in the cytoplasm:
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A man has atrioventricular block of the I degree with a prolonged PQ interval of 0.25 seconds. What cardiac ability is disturbed in this case?
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An 11-year-old girl is brought to the doctor's office by her mother, who states that her daughter felt weak and had swollen face for 3 days. According to the mother, her daughter had always been healthy and tive until the onset of the symptoms. Physical examination reveals generalized swelling of the face and birtarg edema of the lower limbs. Upon inquiry, the girl describes a foamy appearance of her urine, but denies blood in urine, nycturia, or pain during urination. Laboratory studies show proteinuria and mica copic hematuria. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the findings in the laboratory analysis of urine?
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To study hypoxia, a test animal was given a potassium cyanide solution. What type of oxygen starvation develops in this case?
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After examination, a man, who lived in the Ural region, was diagnosed with taiga encephalitis. The causative agent of this disease could have been transmitted to the patient via a bite of:
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After a myocardial infarction, the morphological intactness of the wall was restored in the patient. In this case, regeneration occurred because of the following tissue:
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During a dry for spleen injury, the surgeon needs to isolate an artery that supplies the spleen with blood. Which branch of the arterial vessel is it?
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There is a sensation of tingling in thumb, index and middle finger, earlier pain was resolved using ibuprofen, but now the pain is much worse and wakes her up at night. She works as a typist and the pain often increases after typing all day. Her right wrist and fingers are line. Nerve conduction studies reveal nerve compression. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed in this patient?
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A child has signs of delayed physical and mental development (cretinism). This condition is caused by deficiency of the following hormone:
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Absence or insufficient production of lipotropic factors in the human body causes development of fatty degeneration in the liver, What substance can be classified as lipotropic?
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A man, who recently returned from an African country, came to the urologist complaining of painful urination. A urine sample, obtained for analysis during the daytime, contains eggs with a characteristic spike. Make the diagnosis.
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A 9-year-old child developed a severe case of purulent destructive pneumonia, for which the child received a massive antibacterial therapy. The disease was rapidly progressing. Against the background of marked intoxication, a sharp drop in blood pressure was registered, the patient went into a state of shock, which resulted in the death of the patient. What etiopathogenetic type of shock developed in the child?
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One of the causes of pernicious anemia is disturbed synthesis of transcorrin — Castle's intrinsic factor — by the parietal cells of the stomach. What substance is called Castle's extrinsic factor?
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A certain natural antioxidan is used in treatment of parodontosis. Which of the listed natural compounds is used as an antioxidant?
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A 32-year-old man was diagnosed with acute radiation sickness. Laboratory analysis detected a sharp decrease in platelet serotonin levels. The most likely cause of a decrease in platelet serotonin is a disturbed decarboxylation of:
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A 30-year-old man with an incised wound on the plantar surface of the left foot was brought to the traumatology department. Lifting of the lateral side of the foot is limited. What muscle is likely to be functionally disturbed?
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During an intense workout, the number of trophic inclusions in the cells of the athlete's liver and skeletal muscles decreases. What substance belongs to such trophic inclusions?
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Pathological examination of the spinal cord of a diseased 70-year-old man shows destruction and a decrease in the number of cells in the nuclei of the cervical and thoracic anterior horns, What functions were impaired in this man during his life?
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Oxygen tension in the arterial blood of a person has increased to 104 mm Hg., while carbon dioxide tension has been reduced to 36 mm Hg. It is likely to be caused by:
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