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KROK 1 Medicine 2023 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2023 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
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Examination detects lymphopenia in a patient, who has been taking glucocorticoids for a long time. How can the functional state of the patient's immune system be characterized in this case?
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The height of a 10-year-old child is 178 cm, while the child's weight is 64 kg. What endocrine gland is dysfunctional in the child, causing this condition?
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A man was hospitalized with an injury to the psoas major muscle. He has lost the ability to extend the lower leg in the knee joint. What nerve is damaged in this case?
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A person was hospitalized with morphine poisoning. A specific antagonist, naloxone, is used in acute morphine poisoning. What is the main factor in the development of antagonistic action in such cases?
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What period of the malaria plasmodium life cycle coincides with the manifestation of clinical symptoms of malaria in a patient?
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A man was hospitalized with abdominal pain and profuse salivation, sweating, and tears. Examination detects miosis. The day before, he was treating plants with a solution of an insecticidal substance without wearing personal protective equipment. The substance that has caused the poisoning in this case belongs to:
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A patient presents with a purulent inflammatory process in the thigh region (a post-injection abscess). What lymph nodes become enlarged because of this process?
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X-ray detects a shadow in the area of the patient's dural sinus that runs from the crista galli of the ethmoid bone of the skull to the internal occipital protuberance. In this case, pathological changes can be detected in the area of the following sinus:
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A patient has an injury of radiocarpal joint. What bones of the proximal row of the wrist (except the pisiform bone) form this joint?
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A 32-year-old woman was diagnosed with myocarditis. ECG detects disturbance of the cardiac rhythm (a non-sinus rhythm). What cardiomyocytes are dysfunctional in this case?
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Some parasites may have a host in their life cycle that accumulates the parasite in its invasive stage and its transmission to the final host. What type of host is it?
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A 64-year-old woman has suffered a pathological fracture of the humerus. Biopsy detects atypical plasma cells. X-ray shows tumor-like formations at the fracture site. What disease is likely in this case?
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A surgeon performs an operation on the sigmoid colon, stopping the bleeding from aa. Sigmoideae. They are the branches of the following artery:
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Alveoli of the lungs have special cells, through which gas exchange occurs. These cells are a part of the blood-air barrier. Name these cells.
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A patient has dysfunction of masticatory muscles, caused by damage to the trigeminal motor nucleus. What part of the brain is damaged in this case?
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A patient diagnosed with chronic glomerulonephritis developed persistent arterial hypertension. What group of drugs should be used for the treatment of this patient?
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An 11-year-old girl was hospitalized with complaints of weakness and facial edema, observed for 3 days. The mother claims that her daughter had always been healthy and active until these symptoms started. Physical examination reveals generalized facial edema and pitting edema on the legs (pressing the edema leaves an imprint that gradually smoothes out). During the patient's history taking, the girl describes a foamy appearance of her urine but denies blood in urine, nocturia, or pain during urination. Laboratory testing detects proteinuria and microhematuria. What is the most likely cause of the changes detected in the urinalysis?
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A child has 3 copies of chromosome 18, which resulted in characteristic cranial elongation from front to back, maldevelopments of the musculoskeletal system, fused fingers, and maldevelopments of skeletal muscles. What hereditary pathology is observed in this child?
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Microscopy of the kidney biopsy material detected foci with granular eosinophilic masses in their center, surrounded by an infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and isolated Langhans cells. What pathological process corresponds with the described changes?
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A man was hospitalized with arrhythmia. What antiarrhythmic drug should he be prescribed?
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The mother complains that her 7-month-old child has recurrent bacterial infections, such as conjunctivitis, otitis, sinopulmonary infections, diarrhea, and skin infections. Examination detects reduced size of the child's tonsils and lymph nodes. In the blood, examination of serum immunoglobulins shows noticeably reduced levels of IgM, IgA, and IgE, IgG is less than 100 mg/dL. What disease can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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In a 67-year-old patient, who has been suffering from chronic bronchitis for 17 years, bronchial biopsy detects cylindrical dilation of the bronchi, cystic changes in the mucous glands, and areas, where prismatic epithelium is replaced with stratified squamous epithelium. What pathological process was detected in the bronchial mucosa?
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A patient presents with a sharp decrease in oncotic pressure and albumin levels in the blood plasma. What would be the result of this condition?
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A 60-year-old woman has congestive heart failure with increased cardiac preload. What bioactive substance will be secreted by the heart in this case?
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Numerous glucose oxidation metabolites are dissolved in the cytoplasm of myocytes. Which one of those metabolites directly converts into lactate?
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Laboratory testing detects glucose in the urine of an 18-year-old patient, while glucose levels in the patient's blood plasma are normal. What is the likely cause of this disorder?
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A patient had her tooth extracted in a dental clinic. Stratified squamous epithelium regenerated two weeks later. What organelles took part in the restoration of the mucosa?
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A 26-year-old woman, who one year ago had a difficult childbirth with a hemorrhage, complains of general weakness, weight loss of 18 kg, and absence of menstruations. Objectively, she has mammary hypoplasia. She was diagnosed with Simmonds disease. What is the main mechanism of the weight loss in this woman?
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A patient with pulmonary fibrosis presents with decreased pulmonary ventilation. What parameter of the external respiration system will change in this patient?
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During a surgery for a splenic injury, the surgeon must ligate the artery that supplies the spleen with blood. This artery is a branch of:
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Increased levels of ammonium salts in the patient's urine can be associated with the development of a pathological condition. What pathological condition is likely in such cases?
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Five days after a diarrhea onset, colonoscopy detected gray-green filmy deposits tightly attached to the underlying tissue in the inflamed rectal mucosa of the patient. What disease can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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A patient has been diagnosed with chronic gastritis. Intragastric pH-metry detects decreased acidity of the gastric juice. What cells have a reduced function in this case?
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A patient has been diagnosed with hydrocele testis (an increase in the amount of fluid in a serous cavity). Between what testicular tunics can the pathological content be located in this case?
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In an experiment, certain nuclei of the hypothalamus were destroyed in homeothermic animals, which resulted in them being unable to maintain their body temperature. What structure has been destroyed?
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All nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can damage the gastric mucosa. To find the substances that do not cause this complication, it is necessary to know what it is associated with. To reduce the severity of this complication, the drug's effect on a certain molecular substrate must be reduced. Name this molecular substrate.
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A patient with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis developed allergic rhinitis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects elevated levels of IgE. What cell type expresses receptors for IgE on its cell surface, which stimulates the cell to respond to parasites, such as worms?
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A patient has been diagnosed with atrophy of masticatory muscles. This group of muscles is innervated by branches of the following cranial nerve:
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Before a surgery, the patient was prescribed a synthetic antiprotozoal drug to prevent a wound infection. The prescribed drug is highly effective against Helicobacter pylori. What drug is it?
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A 19-year-old man presents with diarrhea. As part of complex therapy, the doctor prescribed the patient an antidiarrheal drug that stimulates opioid receptors in the intestine. What medication was prescribed for this patient?
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