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KROK 1 Medicine 2023 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2023 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
Exam questions
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The course of hemorrhagic shock was complicated by the development of acute renal failure in the patient. What is the initiating link in the mechanism of development of this complication?
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What internal organ plays the largest role in humoral regulation of erythropoiesis?
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A person entered a room with increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air. How will the breathing of this person change?
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Problems with the processes of lipid breakdown in small intestine are caused by disturbed lipase activity. What factor activates lipase?
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Laboratory findings of a patient diagnosed with jaundice are as follows: HBsAg-, HBeAg-, anti-HBsAg+, anti-HBSM-, HCAg+. What disease can be characterized by such laboratory findings?
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During a surgery for gallstones in bile ducts, the surgeon must find the common hepatic duct. It is located between the layers of the following ligament:
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Examination of a patient shows decreased leukocyte and and erythrocyte count and low hemoglobin levels in the peripheral blood, as well as appearance of large cells (megaloblasts). What vitamin is likely to be deficient in this case, causing this condition?
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A doctor suspects diphtheria in a patient. Bacterioscopy of a throat swab detected rod-shaped bacteria with volutin granules. What etiotropic drug would be the drug of choice in this case?
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After eating canned mushrooms, a person developed signs of bulbar paralysis: ptosis, diplopia, aphonia, difficulty swallowing. Provisionally, this person was diagnosed with botulism. What reaction can be used in this case to determine the type of toxin?
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Autopsy of the body of a patient who died with signs of cardiopulmonary failure shows deformed bronchi with sack- like protrusions of the bronchial wall and purulent inflammation. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle was detected in the heart. Amyloidosis can be observed in the kidneys. The patient's history indicates that for the last 8 years the patient complained of asphyxia and cough with purulent sputum, the patient's fingers resembled drumsticks. What disease can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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A repeated Widal agglutination test shows an increase from 1:100 to 1:400 in the titers of antibodies to S. typhi O-antigens in the patient's serum. How can the obtained results be interpreted?
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A 43-year-old patient, who had been suffering from tuberculosis for a long time, developed bleeding from the lungs, which resulted in the patient's death. Autopsy detected several oval and round cavities in the lungs. The walls of the cavities were formed by necrotic masses and lung tissue. What form of tuberculosis can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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A group of alpinists, who were climbing to the atitude of 5000 meters above sea level without oxygen equipment, developed tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, and rapid breathing. What hypoxia developed in the mountain climbers?
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Bioactive substances hormones are produced as a result of hydrolysis and modification of certain proteins. What protein in the pituitary gland is the source of lipotropin, corticotropin, melanotropin, and endorphin?
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The biopsy material obtained from the enlarged lymph node of a patient with a subfebrile temperature contains numerous granulomas with caseous necrosis in the center. The areas of necrosis are surrounded by epithelioid cells, Langhans giant multinucleated cells, and lymphocytes. What disease can be characterized by these pathohistological changes?
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A 59-year-old man was hospitalized in a severe condition with the diagnosis of initial pulmonary edema and acute myocardial infarction in the area of the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the septum. What mechanism is primary in the development of pulmonary edema in this patient?
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A patient has been diagnosed with psychosis. After two weeks of receiving pharmacotherapy, the patient's condition improved. However, the patient soon developed rigidity, tremors, and hypokinesia. What drug causes these complications?
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As proposed by the World Health Organization, diabetes mellitus is divided into type 1 and type 2. What is the etiological factor of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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A 27-year-old woman has undergone a sector resection of mammary gland tissue. In the excised tissue, macroscopy detects a dense white node, 4 cm in diameter, with clear boundaries. Urgent histology shows that the tumor consists of a large amount of fibrous stroma with stromal proliferation around the small canaliculi. Canalicular epithelium overlays the basement membrane and retains its polarity. What disease can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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Family of a 52-year-old man brought him to a doctor with complaints that he does not understand spoken words, despite being able to speak himself. He cannot read written text, as well. Where is the brain damage localized in this case?
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On examination, a polyp was found in the distal part of the patient's colon. where is the polyp?
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After the treatment with antitubercular agent, 40-year-old woman developed optic neuritis, memory impairment, and seizures. What medicine was she taking?
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At a medical genetic consultancy, the karyotype of a child with physical development problems was examined. Trisomy 13 was detected. What syndrome is it?
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A 10-year-old child underwent a Mantoux test (with tuberculin). After 48 hours, a papule up to 8 mm in diameter appeared at the site of tuberculin injection. What type of hypersensitivity reaction developed after administration of tuberculin?
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In a patient with hypochromic anemia, erythrocytes contain 45% of HbS and 55% of HbA1. What type of anemia is it?
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A 47-year-old woman has interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints that can be easily dislocated or subluxated and a characteristic deviation of the fingers that resembles "walrus flippers". Microscopy reveals proliferation of synovial villi, cartilage destruction, and pannus formation. What disease causes these pathological changes?
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Medical examination detected angina pectoris in a patient. The doctor prescribed the patient metoprolol that reduces the strength and frequency of cardiac contractions and, as a result, reduces the myocardial oxygen demand. What is the mechanism of the therapeutic action of this drug?
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A patient presents with impaired twilight vision. What vitamin preparation should be prescribed to this patient?
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A patient with a suspected systemic disease underwent a biopsy of an area of increased density and immobility in the skin. In the dermis, the study detected all types of connective tissue disorganization with a weak cellular reaction, gross sclerosis, and hyalinosis. What disease can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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Increased levels of direct bilirubin and bile acids were detected in the blood of a patient with jaundice. There is no stercobilinogen in the patient's urine. In what type of jaundice can these signs be observed?
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An anti-inflammatory drug that blocks the treatment of a patient. What anti-cyclooxygenase activity was used in inflammatory drug is it?
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A patient has been prescribed pyridoxal phosphate. This drug is recommended for correction of the following processes:
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A woman was diagnosed with Chlamydia-induced pneumonia. The doctor prescribed her antibiotic doxycycline. What type of pharmacotherapy is it?
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The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This temporary endocrine gland stimulates the synthesis of a certain hormone. What hormone is it?
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The patient's body fluids, especially urine, have a particularly sweet odor caused by an abnormal metabolism of certain amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and valine. What disease can be characterized by these pathological changes?
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A 47-year-old woman complains of protracted vomiting. She has lost a large amount of gastric juice. What acid-base imbalance can be suspected in this case?
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A child with von Gierke disease presents with slow growth and enlarged liver and kidneys. Reduced glucose levels and increased levels of fats and uric acid are detected in the child's blood. What is absent in this case, causing this enzyme type of glycogenosis?
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What biogenic amine normalizes circadian rhythms?
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Vitamin A deficiency causes impaired twilight vision. What cells have this receptor function?
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A patient diagnosed with essential hypertension was undergoing hypothiazide (hydrochlorothiazide) treatment. He complains of general weakness, loss of appetite, and palpitations. Examination reveals muscle hypotonia, flaccid paralyses, and decreased intestinal peristalsis. What is the likely cause of the patient's condition?
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