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KROK 1 Medicine 2023 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2023 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
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Postmortem examination of the fetus from the second pregnancy of an Rh- negative mother is being performed. The fetus died in utero at 7 months of pregnancy. Autopsy detects diffuse edema of the subcutaneous tissue and brain, ascites, enlarged liver and spleen, thymic atrophy, and myocardial hypertrophy. Microscopy reveals centers of extramedullary hematopoiesis, as well as dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in internal organs. What form of hemolytic disease corresponds with these pathological changes?
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A 36-year-old patient developed angina pectoris attacks immediately after the recovery from a case of staphylococcal sepsis. Coronary angiography revealed mural thrombosis in the left coronary artery without signs of atherosclerosis. What substance was released during the endothelial damage, causing the thrombus formation in this case?
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A patient has elevated blood pressure due to increased vascular tone. To lower the blood pressure in this case, it is necessary to prescribe the blockers of:
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A 7-year-old child was diagnosed with anemia. Laboratory testing detects pyruvate kinase deficiency in the erythrocytes. What process is disturbed in this case, playing the main role in the anemia development?
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After an industrial accident, a man was exposed to potassium cyanide, which resulted in cytochrome oxidase blockade in this man. What pathological process can be observed in the patient in this case?
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A patient was diagnosed with an injury to the middle third of the shoulder with an incomplete rupture of the median nerve. In addition to motor and sensory disorders below the injury site, the patient complains of an unbearable sharp burning pain. What is the nature of this pain?
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A 55-year-old patient is being monitored by an endocrinologist for disturbed endocrine function of the pancreas, which manifests as a decrease in glucagon levels in the blood. What pancreatic cells are dysfunctional in this case?
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A patient developed hyperchromic anemia after gastric resection. What drug must be prescribed in this case?
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A patient has a knee joint injury with a crushed patella. What muscle in the thigh is likely to have damaged tendons in case of such an injury?
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A 15-year-old patient complains of general weakness, dizziness and rapid fatigability. The examination reveals a changed shape of the erythrocytes and an improved number of erythrocytes. A preliminary diagnosis of sickle cell anemia was made. What amino acid exchange occurs in hemoglobin and causes the development of this pathological condition?
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In the nucleus, a larger molecule of immature mRNA has been converted into a molecule of mature mRNA that is smaller. The stages of this transformation are:
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In an experiment, a neuromuscular preparation of frog was treated with a curare-like substance. As a result, muscle contractions in response to electrical stimulation of the nerve disappeared. What function of the muscle cell membrane is disrupted by curare-like drugs?
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Pepsin is the enzyme of gastric juice that is secreted in its inactive form of pepsinogen. What is the mechanism of its activation?
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Autopsy of the body of a man who died of ethylene glycol poisoning revealed slightly enlarged edematous kidneys with the capsule that could be very easily removed. The cortical substance is pale gray and wide. The medullary substance is dark red. What kidney pathology developed in the patient?
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A 14-year-old patient has a positive nitrogen balance. What is the likely cause of this condition?
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The study of a blood smear obtained from a patient with an inflammatory process detects a large number of round cells with a segmented nucleus (three or more segments) and fine pink-violet granulation in the cytoplasm. What blood cells were detected?
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In the human body, reserves of hydrocarbons are localized mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles. Which reserve becomes mobilized to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting?
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The human brain produces endogenous peptides similar to morphine that can reduce pain perception. Select such peptides from the list below.
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A patient diagnosed with diabetes mellitus presents with increased levels of ketone bodies in the blood. From what compound are ketone bodies synthesized?
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A patient diagnosed with essential hypertension died of an acute myocardial infarction. Autopsy revealed a cavity 2 cm in diameter in the right hemisphere of the brain. The cavity is filled with a transparent yellowish liquid. The wall of the cavity is rusty yellow and smooth. What pathology was detected in the brain of the deceased?
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Despite profuse sweating, a person feels stuffy and hot in a tropical forest at a relatively low air temperature (26-27°C). Why is profuse sweating not an effective method of heat transfer in this case?
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A patient presents with impaired renal water reabsorption that is directly related to impaired secretion of a particular hormone. Name that hormone.
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A patient has been diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis. What pathogenetic type of heart failure is it?
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A certain vitamin, as a coenzyme, is a component of glutamic acid decarboxylase, it takes part in GABA formation and its deficiency can cause convulsions. Name this vitamin.
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Blood test revealed the total leukocyte count of 11*109/L in the patient's blood, with neutrophils making up 80% of all leukocytes. Among them, banded neutrophils make up 9%. What is the nature of the changes in the cellular composition of WBC in this patient?
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During a regular examination, blood was taken from a vein of a pregnant woman was positive. The patient and her husband deny extramarital sexual intercourse. What must be done to confirm or refute the diagnosis of syphilis?
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When pressure in the aorta sharply increases, the force and rate of cardiac contractions decrease. What nerve contains sensitive fibers from baroreceptors of the aortic arch?
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Copper deficiency has an effect on energy metabolism in the human body. What substance becomes deficient as a result of this process?
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A child with hemorrhagic syndrome was diagnosed with hemophilia
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Examination detected the following changes in the patient's peripheral blood: erythrocytes 3.0*1012/L, Hb-80 g/L, leukocytes 21 109/L. The following is observed in the leukogram: basophils 0%, eosinophils - 0%, myeloblasts 54%, promyelocytes 1%, myelocytes 0%, metamyelocytes 0%, band neutrophils - 1%, segmented neutrophils - 28%, lymphocytes 13%, monocytes 3%. What pathology corresponds with these findings?
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