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KROK 1 Medicine 2021 Questions | KROKEXAM
Browse 2021 KROK 1 Medicine exam questions with answers and explanations.
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Autopsy of the body of a 61-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis shows enlarged and dense yellow-while kidneys with a waxy sheen and areas of dcatridal depressions on their surface. Congo red staining reveals deposition of homogeneous pink masses in the capillary loops of the glorneruli, in the walls of the arterioles and arteries, in the basement membrane of the tubules, and in the stroma. In this case, rheumatoid arthritis was complicated by the development of the following proses: glornerulonephritis
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A histological specimen demonstrates a vessel with the wall that consists of endothelium, basement membrane, and loose connective tissue. This vessel belony to the following type:
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A toad was given a solution of a certain chemical substance. As a result, it responds with generali7ßd convulsions to any kind of irritation. What was the toad given in this case?
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Exo- and endotoxins, aggression enzymes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cholera. Dehydration is the main syndrome of this disease. Which of the following pathogenetic effects is the main cause of dehydration?
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Fibrogastroscopy of a 48-year-old man, a driver, with complaints of epigastric pain after eating shows hyperemic gastric mucosa with reduced folds. In the gastrobiopsy specimen, microscopy detects thinned mucosa, reduced number of giands, and proliferation of connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Make a diagnosis.
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A 38-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 years ago, came to her physician with a complaint of facial swelling and decreased urination that she first noticed 2 weeks ago. She currently takes azathio rine and corticosteroid. Her vital signs s ow blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg, pulse — 91/min., temperature — 36.80C and respiratory rate — 15/min. On physical examination, the doctor notices erythematous rash on her face exhibiting a butterfly pattern. The laboratory studies reveal hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and proteinuria. The most likely mechanism of SLE's complication in this patient is:
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Patients from the same family were admitted to a hospital with edema of the eyelids and face, fever, eosinophilia, headache, and muscle pain. 'Ihc disease onset occurred 7—10 days after eating pork sausage. Make the diagnosis.
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Examination revealed that the patient has an insufficient immunoglobulin count. The likely cause of this finding is a disfunction of the following immune system cells:
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A man suffers from acne and inflammatory changes in the skin of his face. Microscopy of a material obtained from the lesion foci reveals living elongated creatures of the phylum Arthropoda type with 4 pairs of reduced limbs. What is the preliminary diagnosis?
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Autopsy of the body of a 45-year-old woman, who was suffering from upper-body obesity, steroid-induced diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and secondary ovarian dysfunction, shows hypertrichosis, hirsutism, and striae on the skin of the thighs and abdomen. In the anterior part of the pituitary gland there is a tumor (microscopically it is a basophilic adenoma). In the adrenal glands, hyperplasia of the fascicular zone is observed. What diagnosis is the most likely?
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A 7-year-old girl has signs of anemia. Laboratory testing determined the deficiency of pyruvate kinase in her erythrocytes. In this case the main role in anemia development belongs to the disturbance of a certain process. What process is disturbed in this girl?
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Because of the violation of the safety rulew while working with organophosphorus insecticide, a worker has developed bronchospasm. Which of the listed broncholytics is indicated in this case?
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A bioterrorist has mailed an envelope with a powder that is suspected to contain anthrax causative agent. This envelope can remain dangerous for a long time, because anthrax causative agent:
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A 10-year-old child, due to the detected tumor, underwent a removal of the posterior pituitary lobe. As a result, the following state will occur:
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Examination of the femoral bone detected chronic suppurative inflammation of the compact substance and bone marrow, formation of bone sequestra. What disease is associated with such changes?
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Blood of a man, who 3 days ago had an acute blood loss, was studied and its leukocyte composition was determined to be as follows: leukocytes — 12 • 109/L, basophils — 0%, eosinophils monocytes — 0%, juvenile — 3%, band neutrophils — 12%, segmented neutrophils — 62%, lymphocytes — 16%, myclocytes — 4%. What change in the blood leukocyte composition takes place in this case?
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Examination of a man with signs of hypcrtcnsion shows that the optimal medicine for him would be a drug that manages the blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system. Name this drug:
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A biopsy material was obtained from the archcs of the patient's soft palate due to a suspected tumor (macroscopy detected an ulcer with the dense floor). In the biopsy material the following was detected: necrosis of the mucosa with infiltration of the submucosal layer by lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, plasma cells, and single neutrophils. Notable is the presence of marked endovasculitis and perivasculitis. The described changes are characteristic
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A 16-year-old young man complains of itching between the fingers and on his abdomen that intensifies at night. Examination detects thin gray streaks and fine rash on his skin. What is the most likely causative agent of this disease?
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Stool analysis detected ascaris eggs in the patient's feces. What medicine should be prescribed for this patient's treatment?
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In a woman with bronchial asthma, a viral infection provoked a fatal status asthmaticus. Pulmonary histology shows a spasm and an edema of bronchioles. A marked infiltration with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and other leukocytes, as well as degranulation of mast cells, can be observed in their walls. What mechanism of hypersensitivity underlies the described changes?
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A 28-year-old woman was admitted to the gynecological deparment with complaints of abdominal pain. An ovarian tumor was clinically detected. Its surgical removal is indicated. During such surgery, it is necessary to cut the ligament connecting the ovary with the uterus. What ligament must the surgeon cut in this case?
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A man with suspected typhoid fever was admitted to the infectious diseases hospital on the 3rd day of illness. What microbiological method should be used for diagnostics in this case?
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Against the background of an allergic reaction, a child has developed la eal edema. What type of respiratory failure developed in this case?
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A man was admitted to the surgical department with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Conservative treatment was started. What medicine is pathogenetically justified in this case?
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A man was admitted to the trauma department with an injury on the anterior surface of his left thigh in its lower third. Examination shows a wound 1.5x3 cm in size, located transversely to the thigh, 2 cm above the patella. In the wound, the damaged tendon is well defined. Leg extension is limited in the patient. What muscle is most likely to be functionally impaired?
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A 28-year-old woman came to a polyclinic with complaints of a headache. The doctor offered her paracetamol, taking into consideration that the woman has a somatic disease. Presence of what concomitant disease affected the prescription specifically paracetamol?
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With age, a person develops presbyopia (farsightedness). Why does it happen?
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A patient with diabetes mellitus developed a diabetic coma because of an acid-base imbalance. What type of imbalance occurred in this case?
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A man has tissue ischemia below the knee joint, accompanied by intermittent claudication. What artery is likely to be occluded in this case?
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An electron micrograph of the red bone marrow shows a me akaryocyte. Its ri heral part of the cytop asmpermeated y emarcation channels. What is the role of these structures?
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Bacteria entered the alveolar space of an acinus. Here they interacted with the surfactant, leading to activation of the cells localized in the alveolar walls and on the alveolar surface. Name these cells:
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A man presents with convergent strabismus. What muscle of the eyeball is damaged in this case?
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Laboratory tests of a 54-year-old man show that his inulin clearance is 120 mL/min., which rncans that the following process occurs normally in this man:
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A smear prepared from the material obtained from a patient with suspected diphtheria contains yellow bacilli with blue grains at their ends. What staining was used in this case?
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Ammonia is extremely toxic for human CNS What is the main way of ammonia neutralization in the nervous tissue?
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A test animal receives electrical impulses that irritate the sympathetic nerve that innervates blood vessels of the skin. What reaction will it cause in the blood vessels?
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After a hypertensive crisis, a man has lost voluntary movements in his right arm and leg. lhe muscle tone in these limbs is increased. What type of disorder of the nervous system's motor function is be observed in this case?
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In the lungs, an enzyme breaks down carbonic acid (H2CO3) into water and carbon dioxide that is released with the air. What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
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Due to an uncontrolled intake of a vitamin supplement, a child developed anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperthermia, hemorrhages on the skin and mucosa, as well as the signs of meningism. What supplement was the child taking?
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